Choline

Multiple authors

Comprehensive review showing that Alpha-GPC at 600 mg improved muscle strength in college-aged males and that GPC and citicoline show promise for memory and attention in dementia patients. The review also documents that choline supplementation supports endothelial function and cardiovascular health through multiple mechanisms.

Multiple authors

Observational study of 2,195 Norwegian adults aged 70-74 years found that those with lower plasma free choline concentrations had poorer sensorimotor speed, perceptual speed, executive function, and global cognition. However, a 2015 systematic review of 13 studies found that choline supplements did not result in clear improvements in cognition in healthy adults.

Multiple authors

Research demonstrates that phosphatidylcholine supports cholesterol clearance through lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase activation, with human studies showing modest cholesterol-lowering effects. Choline and its metabolite betaine help reduce homocysteine levels, a known cardiovascular risk factor.

Multiple authors

Comprehensive review showing that Alpha-GPC at 600 mg improved muscle strength in college-aged males and that GPC and citicoline show promise for memory and attention in dementia patients. The review also documents that choline supplementation supports endothelial function and cardiovascular health through multiple mechanisms.

Multiple authors

Observational study of 2,195 Norwegian adults aged 70-74 years found that those with lower plasma free choline concentrations had poorer sensorimotor speed, perceptual speed, executive function, and global cognition. However, a 2015 systematic review of 13 studies found that choline supplements did not result in clear improvements in cognition in healthy adults.

Multiple authors

In a group of 13 college-aged male subjects, administration of 600 mg Alpha-GPC resulted in an increase of 98.8 N during isometric mid-thigh pull assessment. Other studies showed that 250 mg GPC improved maximum velocity and mechanical power, while 150-300 mg GPC improved reaction time and vertical jump power.

Multiple authors

In a group of 13 college-aged male subjects, administration of 600 mg Alpha-GPC resulted in an increase of 98.8 N during isometric mid-thigh pull assessment. Other studies showed that 250 mg GPC improved maximum velocity and mechanical power, while 150-300 mg GPC improved reaction time and vertical jump power.

Multiple authors

In a group of 13 college-aged male subjects, administration of 600 mg Alpha-GPC resulted in an increase of 98.8 N during isometric mid-thigh pull assessment. Other studies showed that 250 mg GPC improved maximum velocity and mechanical power, while 150-300 mg GPC improved reaction time and vertical jump power.

Multiple authors

Research demonstrates that phosphatidylcholine supports cholesterol clearance through lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase activation, with human studies showing modest cholesterol-lowering effects. Choline and its metabolite betaine help reduce homocysteine levels, a known cardiovascular risk factor.

Multiple authors

Research demonstrates that phosphatidylcholine supports cholesterol clearance through lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase activation, with human studies showing modest cholesterol-lowering effects. Choline and its metabolite betaine help reduce homocysteine levels, a known cardiovascular risk factor.

Multiple authors

Research shows that the risk of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease was 32% lower in women in the highest quintile of choline intake (412 mg/day) compared to the lowest (179 mg/day), and 25% lower in men in the highest quintile (452 mg/day) compared to the lowest (199 mg/day).